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Compare Bhutan (2004) - Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of (2001)

Compare Bhutan (2004) z Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of (2001)

 Bhutan (2004)Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of (2001)
 BhutanMacedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Administrative divisions 18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, Dagana, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang


note: there may be two new districts named Gasa and Yangtse
123 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina); Aracinovo, Bac, Belcista, Berovo, Bistrica, Bitola, Blatec, Bogdanci, Bogomila, Bogovinje, Bosilovo, Brvenica, Cair (Skopje), Capari, Caska, Cegrane, Centar (Skopje), Centar Zupa, Cesinovo, Cucer-Sandevo, Debar, Delcevo, Delogozdi, Demir Hisar, Demir Kapija, Dobrusevo, Dolna Banjica, Dolneni, Dorce Petrov (Skopje), Drugovo, Dzepciste, Gazi Baba (Skopje), Gevgelija, Gostivar, Gradsko, Ilinden, Izvor, Jegunovce, Kamenjane, Karbinci, Karpos (Skopje), Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kisela Voda (Skopje), Klecevce, Kocani, Konce, Kondovo, Konopiste, Kosel, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krivogastani, Krusevo, Kuklis, Kukurecani, Kumanovo, Labunista, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Lukovo, Makedonska Kamenica, Makedonski Brod, Mavrovi Anovi, Meseista, Miravci, Mogila, Murtino, Negotino, Negotino-Poloska, Novaci, Novo Selo, Oblesevo, Ohrid, Orasac, Orizari, Oslomej, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnia, Podares, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Rostusa, Samokov, Saraj, Sipkovica, Sopiste, Sopotnika, Srbinovo, Star Dojran, Staravina, Staro Nagoricane, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Studenicani, Suto Orizari (Skopje), Sveti Nikole, Tearce, Tetovo, Topolcani, Valandovo, Vasilevo, Velesta, Veles, Vevcani, Vinica, Vitoliste, Vranestica, Vrapciste, Vratnica, Vrutok, Zajas, Zelenikovo, Zileno, Zitose, Zletovo, Zrnovci

note:
the seven municipalities followed by Skopje in parentheses collectively constitute "greater Skopje"
Age structure 0-14 years: 39.3% (male 445,548; female 414,338)


15-64 years: 56.6% (male 637,637; female 600,253)


65 years and over: 4% (male 44,298; female 43,495) (2004 est.)
0-14 years:
22.92% (male 243,715; female 225,349)

15-64 years:
66.94% (male 688,484; female 681,225)

65 years and over:
10.14% (male 92,043; female 115,393) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products rice, corn, root crops, citrus, foodgrains; dairy products, eggs rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, millet, cotton, sesame, mulberry leaves, citrus, vegetables; beef, pork, poultry, mutton
Airports 2 (2003 est.) 16 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)
total:
10

2,438 to 3,047 m:
2

under 914 m:
8 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)
total:
6

914 to 1,523 m:
3

under 914 m:
3 (2000 est.)
Area total: 47,000 sq km


land: 47,000 sq km


water: 0 sq km
total:
25,333 sq km

land:
24,856 sq km

water:
477 sq km
Area - comparative about half the size of Indiana slightly larger than Vermont
Background In 1865, Britain and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchulu, under which Bhutan would receive an annual subsidy in exchange for ceding some border land. Under British influence, a monarchy was set up in 1907; three years later, a treaty was signed whereby the British agreed not to interfere in Bhutanese internal affairs and Bhutan allowed Britain to direct its foreign affairs. This role was assumed by independent India after 1947. Two years later, a formal Indo-Bhutanese accord returned the areas of Bhutan annexed by the British, formalized the annual subsidies the country received, and defined India's responsibilities in defense and foreign relations. A refugee issue of some 100,000 Bhutanese in Nepal remains unresolved; 90% of the refugees are housed in seven United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) camps. International recognition of The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia's (FYROM) independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 was delayed by Greece's objection to the new state's use of what it considered a Hellenic name and symbols. Greece finally lifted its trade blockade in 1995, and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, despite continued disagreement over FYROM's use of "Macedonia." FYROM's large Albanian minority and the de facto independence of neighboring Kosovo continue to be sources of ethnic tension.
Birth rate 34.41 births/1,000 population (2004 est.) 13.5 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues: $146 million


expenditures: $152 million, including capital expenditures of NA


note: the government of India finances nearly three-fifths of Bhutan's budget expenditures (FY95/96 est.)
revenues:
$1.06 billion

expenditures:
$1 billion, including capital expenditures of $107 million (1996 est.)
Capital Thimphu Skopje
Climate varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
Coastline 0 km (landlocked) 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution no written constitution or bill of rights; note - in 2001 the King commissioned the drafting of a constitution, and in November 2004 presented a draft to the Council of Ministers adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991

note:
Democratic Party for Albanians (DPA), which is now a member party of the government, is calling for a rewrite of the constitution to declare ethnic Albanians a constituent national group and allow for greater regional autonomy
Country name conventional long form: Kingdom of Bhutan


conventional short form: Bhutan
conventional long form:
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

conventional short form:
none

local long form:
Republika Makedonija

local short form:
Makedonija

abbreviation:
FYROM
Currency ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR) Macedonian denar (MKD)
Death rate 13.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.) 7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $245 million (2000) $1.4 billion (2000)
Diplomatic representation from the US the US and Bhutan have no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained between the Bhutanese and US Embassy in New Delhi (India) chief of mission:
Ambassador Michael M. EINIK

embassy:
Bul. Ilinden bb, 91000 Skopje

mailing address:
American Embassy Skopje, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7120 (pouch)

telephone:
[389] (91) 116-180

FAX:
[389] (91) 117-103
Diplomatic representation in the US none; note - Bhutan has a Permanent Mission to the UN; address: 2 United Nations Plaza, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10017; telephone [1] (212) 826-1919; FAX [1] (212) 826-2998; the Bhutanese mission to the UN has consular jurisdiction in the US


consulate(s) general: New York
chief of mission:
Ambassador Ljubica Z. ACEVSKA

chancery:
3050 K Street, NW, Suite 210, Washington, DC 20007

telephone:
[1] (202) 337 3063

FAX:
[1] (202) 337-3093

consulate(s) general:
New York
Disputes - international approximately 100,000 Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal, 90% of whom reside in seven UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees camps, place decades-long strains on Nepal dispute with Greece over its name; February 2001 agreement with Yugoslavia settled alignment of boundary, stipulating implementation within two years
Economic aid - recipient substantial aid from India and other nations $100 million from the EU (2000)
Economy - overview The economy, one of the world's smallest and least developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for more than 90% of the population. Agriculture consists largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links and dependence on India's financial assistance. The industrial sector is technologically backward, with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are key resources. Model education, social, and environment programs are underway with support from multilateral development organizations. Each economic program takes into account the government's desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions. For example, the government in its cautious expansion of the tourist sector encourages the visits of upscale, environmentally conscientious visitors. Detailed controls and uncertain policies in areas like industrial licensing, trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment. At independence in November 1991, Macedonia was the least developed of the Yugoslav republics, producing a mere 5% of the total federal output of goods and services. The collapse of Yugoslavia ended transfer payments from the center and eliminated advantages from inclusion in a de facto free trade area. An absence of infrastructure, UN sanctions on its largest market Yugoslavia, and a Greek economic embargo hindered economic growth until 1996. GDP has subsequently increased each year, rising by 5% in 2000. Successful privatization in 2000 boosted the country's reserves to over $700 million. Also, the leadership demonstrated a continuing commitment to economic reform, free trade, and regional integration. Inflation jumped to 11% in 2000, largely due to higher oil prices.
Electricity - consumption 379.5 million kWh (2001) 5.992 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 1.4 billion kWh (2001) 30 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 16 million kWh (2001) 75 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 1.896 billion kWh (2001) 6.395 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source - fossil fuel:
82.25%

hydro:
17.75%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Drangme Chhu 97 m


highest point: Kula Kangri 7,553 m
lowest point:
Vardar River 50 m

highest point:
Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,753 m
Environment - current issues soil erosion; limited access to potable water air pollution from metallurgical plants
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes


signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
party to:
Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15% Macedonian 66.6%, Albanian 22.7%, Turkish 4%, Roma 2.2%, Serb 2.1%, other 2.4% (1994)
Exchange rates ngultrum per US dollar - 46.5806 (2003), 48.6103 (2002), 47.1864 (2001), 44.9416 (2000), 43.0554 (1999) Macedonian denars per US dollar - 64.757 (January 2001), 65.904 (2000), 56.902 (1999), 54.462 (1998), 50.004 (1997), 39.981 (1996)
Executive branch chief of state: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972)


head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Lyonpo Yeshey ZIMBA (since 20 August 2004)


cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed, five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch


elections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms in July 1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove the monarch with two-thirds vote
chief of state:
President Boris TRAJKOVSKI (since 15 December 1999)

head of government:
Prime Minister Ljubco GEORGIEVSKI (since 30 November 1998)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers elected by the majority vote of all the deputies in the Assembly; note - current cabinet formed by the government coalition parties VMRO-DPMNE, LDP, and DPA

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 14 November 1999 (next to be held NA October 2004); prime minister elected by parliament; election last held NA November 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results:
Boris TRAJKOVSKI elected president on second-round ballot; percent of vote - Boris TRAJKOVSKI 52.4%, Tito PETKOVSKI 46.2%
Exports NA (2001) $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities electricity (to India), cardamom, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, precious stones, spices food, beverages, tobacco; miscellaneous manufactures, iron and steel
Exports - partners Bangladesh 60.5%, US 11.7%, Malaysia 5.7% (2003) Germany 22%, Yugoslavia 22%, US 12%, Greece 7%, Italy 6% (2000)
Fiscal year 1 July - 30 June calendar year
Flag description divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side a rising yellow sun with eight rays extending to the edges of the red field
GDP purchasing power parity - $2.7 billion (2002 est.) purchasing power parity - $9 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 45%


industry: 10%


services: 45% (2002 est.)
agriculture:
12%

industry:
25%

services:
63% (2000)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2002 est.) purchasing power parity - $4,400 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 7.7% (2002 est.) 5% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 27 30 N, 90 30 E 41 50 N, 22 00 E
Geography - note landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key Himalayan mountain passes landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe
Highways total: 3,690 km


paved: 2,240 km


unpaved: 1,450 km (1999 est.)
total:
8,684 km

paved:
5,540 km (including 133 km of expressways)

unpaved:
3,144 km (1997)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: NA


highest 10%: NA
lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
Illicit drugs - increasing transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for Europe
Imports NA (2001) $2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics, rice machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; food products
Imports - partners Japan 36.6%, Austria 14.2%, Sweden 8.3%, China 7.5%, Thailand 6%, Bangladesh 6%, Germany 5.5%, Italy 4% (2003) Germany 13%, Ukraine 13%, Russia 10%, Yugoslavia 8%, Greece 8% (2000)
Independence 8 August 1949 (from India) 17 September 1991 (from Yugoslavia)
Industrial production growth rate 9.3% (1996 est.) 3% (2000)
Industries cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide coal, metallic chromium, lead, zinc, ferronickel, textiles, wood products, tobacco
Infant mortality rate total: 102.56 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 100.35 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 104.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
12.95 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 3% (2002 est.) 11% (2000 est.)
International organization participation AsDB, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OPCW (signatory), SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer) ACCT (associate), BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) - 6 (2000)
Irrigated land 400 sq km (1998 est.) 830 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court of Appeal (the monarch); High Court (judges appointed by the monarch) Constitutional Court; Judicial Court of the Republic; judges for both courts are elected by the Judicial Council
Labor force NA


note: massive lack of skilled labor (1997 est.)
1 million (1999 est.)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 93%, industry and commerce 2%, services 5% agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%
Land boundaries total: 1,075 km


border countries: China 470 km, India 605 km
total:
748 km

border countries:
Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 228 km, Yugoslavia 221 km
Land use arable land: 3.09%


permanent crops: 0.43%


other: 96.48% (2001)
arable land:
24%

permanent crops:
2%

permanent pastures:
25%

forests and woodland:
39%

other:
10% (1993 est.)
Languages Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3%
Legal system based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Legislative branch unicameral National Assembly or Tshogdu (150 seats; 105 elected from village constituencies, 10 represent religious bodies, and 35 are designated by the monarch to represent government and other secular interests; members serve three-year terms)


elections: local elections last held November 2002 (next to be held NA 2005)


election results: NA
unicameral Assembly or Sobranje (120 seats - 85 members are elected by popular vote, 35 members come from lists of candidates submitted by parties based on the percentage that parties gain from the overall vote; all serve four-year terms)

elections:
last held 18 October and 1 November 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - VMRO-DPMNE 43, SDSM 27, PDP 14, DA 13, DPA 11, VMRO-VMRO 6, LDP 4, SP 1, Roma Party 1
Life expectancy at birth total population: 53.99 years


male: 54.27 years


female: 53.68 years (2004 est.)
total population:
74.02 years

male:
71.79 years

female:
76.43 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 42.2%


male: 56.2%


female: 28.1% (1995 est.)
definition:
NA

total population:
NA%

male:
NA%

female:
NA%
Location Southern Asia, between China and India Southeastern Europe, north of Greece
Map references Asia Europe
Maritime claims none (landlocked) none (landlocked)
Military branches Royal Bhutan Army, Royal Bodyguard, National Militia Army (includes Air and Air Defense Forces), Police Force
Military expenditures - dollar figure $11.2 million (2003) $76.3 million (FY00/01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 1.9% (2003) 2.17% (FY00/01)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49: 544,560 (2004 est.) males age 15-49:
548,183 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49: 290,843 (2004 est.) males age 15-49:
442,053 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age - 19 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males: 23,379 (2004 est.) males:
17,905 (2001 est.)
National holiday National Day (Ugyen WANGCHUCK became first hereditary king), 17 December (1907) Uprising Day, 2 August (1903)
Nationality noun: Bhutanese (singular and plural)


adjective: Bhutanese
noun:
Macedonian(s)

adjective:
Macedonian
Natural hazards violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season high seismic risks
Natural resources timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore, asbestos, sulfur, timber, arable land
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.) -1.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pipelines - 10 km
Political parties and leaders no legal parties Democratic Alternative or DA [Vasil TUPURKOVSKI, president]; Democratic Party for Albanians or DPA [Arben XHAFERI, president]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE [Ljubcho GEORGIEVSKI, president]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-True Macedonian Reform Option or VMRO-VMRO [Boris STOJMANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Risto GUSTERVO]; Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP [Imeri IMERI, president]; Social-Democratic Alliance of Macedonia or SDSM (former Communist Party) [Branko CRVENKOVSKI, president]; Socialist Party of Macedonia or SP [Ljubisav IVANOV, president]; Union of Romanies of Macedonia or SRM [leader NA]
Political pressure groups and leaders Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign; Indian merchant community; United Front for Democracy (exiled) NA
Population 2,185,569


note: other estimates range as low as 810,000 (July 2004 est.)
2,046,209 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line NA 25% (2000 est.)
Population growth rate 2.12% (2004 est.) 0.43% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors none none
Radio broadcast stations AM 0, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998) AM 29, FM 20, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios - 410,000 (1997)
Railways - total:
699 km

standard gauge:
699 km 1.435-m gauge (233 km electrified)

note:
a 56-km extension of the Kumanovo-Beljakovci line to the Bulgarian border at Gyveshevo is under construction (2001)
Religions Lamaistic Buddhist 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25% Macedonian Orthodox 67%, Muslim 30%, other 3%
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female


total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
at birth:
1.08 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.08 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.8 male(s)/female

total population:
1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage each family has one vote in village-level elections; note - in late 2003 Bhutan's legislature passed a new election law 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: NA


domestic: domestic telephone service is very poor with few telephones in use


international: country code - 975; international telephone and telegraph service is by landline through India; a satellite earth station was planned (1990)
general assessment:
NA

domestic:
NA

international:
NA
Telephones - main lines in use 25,200 (2003) 408,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular 8,000 (2003) 12,362 (1997)
Television broadcast stations 0 (1997) 31 (plus 166 repeaters) (1995)
Terrain mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by the Vardar River
Total fertility rate 4.87 children born/woman (2004 est.) 1.79 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate NA 32% (2000)
Waterways - note:
lake transport only, on the Greek and Albanian borders
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